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(1) a mineral having the composition calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and a specific crystal structure; (2) the principal constituent of limestone, chalk, and marble; (3) a major constituent in the manufacture of portland cement.
a silver-white metallic element of the alkaline-earth group occurring naturally only in combination with other elements.
caCl 2 , a crystalline solid, is primarily used in concrete as an accelerating admixture. (See also accelerating admixture.)
an aqueous solution of calcium.
ca(C 18 H 35 O 2 ) 2 , commonly marketed in powder form, insoluble in water, used as a water repellent admixture in concrete.
the product obtained by pulverizing clinker consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium aluminates resulting from fusing or sintering a suitably proportioned mixture of aluminous and calcareous materials (called high- alumina cement in the United Kingdom)
a concrete product made principally from sand and lime that is hardened by autoclave curing.
the primary product of silicate reactions that contribute to concretestrength and density. (See also dicalcium silicate and tricalcium silicate.)
(1) a measure of the rated volume of a particular concrete mixer or agitator, usually limited by specifications to a maximum percentage of total gross volume; (2) the output of concrete, aggregate, or other product per unit of time (as plant capacity or
microscopic channels within hydrated paste that will draw liquid water due to surface tension.
(1) reaction between carbon dioxide and a hydroxide or oxide to form a carbonate, especially in cement paste, mortar, or concrete; (2) the reaction with calcium compounds to produce calcium carbonate.
shrinkage resulting from carbonation.
concrete that is deposited and allowed to harden in the place where it is required to be in the completed structure, as opposed to precast concrete.
a concrete pile that is cast with or without a casing in its permanent location, as distinguished from a precast pile. (See also drilled pier and precast pile.)
to place a material in a crack or joint with the intent of retarding entry of dirt or water. (See also joint filler or joint sealant.)
pitting of concrete caused by implosion, that is, the collapse of vapor bubbles in flowing water that form in areas of low pressure and collapse as they enter areas of higher pressure. (See also abrasion damage and erosion. )
a low-density product consisting of portland cement, cement-silica,cement-pozzolan, lime-pozzolan, or lime-silica pastes, or pastes containing blends of these ingredients and having a homogeneous void or cell structure, attained with gas-forming chemicals
a method of cast-in-place concrete construction where a large ratio ofhollow cores is produced in a flat slab.
any of a number of materials that are capable of binding aggregate particles together. (See also hydraulic cement.)
quantity of cement contained in a concrete, mortar, or grout preferably expressed as mass per unit volume of concrete, mortar, or grout.
binder of concrete and mortar consisting essentially of cement, water, hydration products, and any admixtures together with very finely divided materials included in the aggregates. (See also neat cement paste.)
the process of injecting cement grout under pressure into certain types of ground (for example, gravel, fractured rock) to solidify it.
having cementing properties.
pozzolans and hydraulic cements. (See also fly ash, silica fume, and slag cement.)
a mixture (mortar, concrete, or grout) containing hydraulic cement.
concrete that is completely mixed in a stationary mixer from which it is transported to the delivery point.
the alteration or deterioration of concrete through chemical reaction or just presence of chemicals with either the cement paste, coarse aggregate, or embedded steel reinforcement.
bond between materials that is the result of cohesion and adhesion developed by chemical reaction.
a type of expansive cement containing a higher percentage of expansive component than a shrinkage-compensating cement, when used in concretes with adequate internal or external restraint, that will expand sufficiently due to chemical reactions within the
an arbitrary characterization of concrete of various qualities or usages, usually by compressive strength.
aggregate predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve or that portion retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.
the ratio, expressed as a decimal, of the amount (mass or solid volume) of coarse aggregate in a unit volume of well-proportioned concrete to the amount of dry-rodded coarse aggregate compacted into the same volume ( b / b o ).
soil in which the larger grain sizes, such as sand and gravel, predominate.
(1) (on concrete) material applied to a surface by brushing, dipping, mopping, spraying, troweling, etc., to preserve, protect, decorate, seal, or smooth the substrate. (2) (on agg r egate particles) foreign or deleterious substances found adhering to the
the rate of discharge of water under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-sectional area of a porous medium under a unit hydraulic gradient and standard temperature conditions, usually 20°C (68°F).
change in linear dimension per unit length per degree of temperature change.
a joint or discontinuity resulting from a delay in placement of sufficient duration to preclude intermingling and bonding of the material, or where mortar or plaster rejoin or meet.
the compressive or flexural strength of refractory concrete determined before drying or firing.
a period when the average daily ambient temperature is below 40°F (5°C) for more than 3 successive days. Note: The average daily temperature is the average of the highest and lowest temperature during the period from midnight to midnight. When temperatur
visible lines on the surfaces of formed concrete indicating the presence of discontinuities where one layer of concrete had reached final set before subsequent concrete was placed. (See also cold joint.)
steel bars or wires that have been rolled, twisted, or drawn at normal ambient temperatures.
member with a ratio of height-to-least-lateral-dimension exceeding 3 used primarily to support axial compressive load.
an enlargement of a column below a slab intended to increase the shearingresistance.
the ratio obtained by dividing the observed mass of concrete that fills a container of standard size and shape when allowed to fall into it under standard conditions of test by the mass of fully compacted concrete that fills the same container.
the process of reducing the volume of voids in a material such as soil by input of mechanical energy. (See also consolidation.)
engineering materials made from two or more constituent materials that remain distinct but combine to form materials with properties not possessed by any of the constituent materials individually.
a concrete compression member reinforced longitudinally with structural steel shapes, pipe, or tubing with or without longitudinal reinforcing bars.
a type of construction using members produced by combining different materials (for example, concrete and structural steel), members produced by combining cast-in-place and precast concrete, or cast-in-place concrete elements constructed in separate place
a pile made up of different materials, usually concrete and wood, or steel fastened together end to end, to form a single pile.
reinforcement designed to carry compressive stresses. (See also stress.)
test made on a test specimen of mortar or concrete to determine the compressive strength.
mixture of hydraulic cement, aggregates, and water, with or withoutadmixtures, fibers, or other cementitious materials.
a concrete masonry unit, usually containing hollow cores.
solid concrete masonry units of relatively small prescribed dimensions.
the measured maximum resistance of a concrete specimen to axial compressive loading and expressed as force per unit cross sectional area.
a composite concrete and steel assembly that is designed as an integralpart of a pressure retaining barrier that, in an emergency, prevents the release of radioactive or hazardous effluents from nuclear power plant equipment enclosed therein.
(1) a machine mounted on flanged wheels that ride on forms or on specially set tracks, used to finish surfaces such as those of pavements; (2) a portable power-driven machine for floating and finishing of floors and other slabs.
a general term applicable to concrete floors and slabs that require finishingoperations.
either a hollow or solid unit (block) composed of portland-cement concrete.
an apparatus that forces concrete to the placing position through a pipeline or hose.
a machine, usually carried on side forms or on rails parallel thereto, designed to spread concrete from heaps already dumped in front of it, or to receive and spread concrete in a uniform layer.
see concrete compressive strength, fatigue strength, flexural strength, shear strength, splitting tensile strength, tensile strength, and ultimate strength.
concrete within the reinforcement cage.
the degree to which a freshly mixed concrete, mortar, grout, or cement paste resists deformation. (See also normal consistency, plastic consistency, and wettest stable consistency.)
a measure of grout fluidity, roughly analogous to viscosity, which describes the ease with which grout may be pumped into voids or fissures; usually a laboratory measurement in which consistency is reported in degrees of rotation of a torque viscosimeter
an apparatus for measuring the consistency of cement pastes, mortars, grouts, or concretes.
the process of reducing the volume of voids, air pockets, and entrapped air in a fresh cementitious mixture, usually accomplished by inputting mechanical energy. (See also compaction, vibration, rodding, and tamping.)
interface between concrete placements intentionally created to facilitate construction.
the loads to which a permanent or temporary structure is subjected during construction.
a particle size distribution in which intermediate size fractions are present,as opposed to gap-grading. (See also gap-graded aggregate.)
a mixer into which the ingredients of the mixture are fed without stopping, and from which the mixed product is discharged in a continuous stream.
producing concrete by continuously blending ingredients in fixed proportions. The discharge of the concrete mixture may be started or stopped as required.
sampling without interruptions throughout an operation or for a predetermined time.
a slab or beam that extends as a unit over three or more supports in a given direction.
a set of documents supplied by the owner to the contractor as the basis for construction. These documents contain contract forms, contract conditions, specifications, drawings, addenda, and contract changes.
formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concrete structure to create a weakened plane to regulate the location of cracking resulting from the dimensional change of different parts of the structure. (See also isolation joint, expansion joint, and construction
injection of grout into contraction joints.
the person, firm, or corporation with whom the owner enters into anagreement for construction of the work.
formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concrete structure to create a weakened plane to regulate the location of cracking resulting from the dimensional reduction of adjacent sections of the structure.
self-consolidating cementitious mixture that is intended to result in a compressive strength of 1200 psi (8.3 MPa) or less.
(1) the soil material enclosed within a tubular pile after driving (it may be replaced with concrete); (2) the mandrel used for driving casings for cast- in-place piles; (3) a structural shape used to internally reinforce a drilled- in-caisson; (4)a cy
the act of obtaining cores from concrete structures, rock foundations, or soils.
compression test on a concrete specimen cut from hardened concrete by means of a core drill.
a beam whose cross section is partially hollow or a beam from which cored samples of concrete have been taken.
the act of obtaining cores from hardened concrete or masonry structures, rock, or soil.
(1) concrete reinforcement used at wall intersections or near corners of square or rectangular openings in walls, slabs, or beams; (2) metal reinforcement for plaster at reentrant corners to provide continuity between two intersecting planes.
deterioration of a material, usually a metal, that results from a chemical reaction with its environment.
a chemical compound that effectively decreases corrosion rate of steelreinforcement without reducing the concentration of the corrosive agent at the bar level.
cotton-filled quilts fabricated for use as a water-retaining covering incuring concrete surfaces.
in concrete construction, a horizontal layer of concrete, usually one of several making up a lift; in masonry construction, a horizontal layer of block or brick. (See also lift.)
the least distance between the surface of embedded reinforcement and the surface of the concrete.
a complete or incomplete separation of either concrete or masonry intotwo or more parts produced by breaking or fracturing. (See also fracture.)
reinforcement in concrete construction designed to minimize opening of cracks, often effective in limiting them to uniformly distributed small cracks. (See also shrinkage reinforcement and temperature reinforcement.)
a section designed or analyzed on the assumption that concrete has no resistance to tensile stress.
the load that causes tensile stress in a member to exceed the tensile strength of the concrete.
fine random cracks or fissures in a surface of plaster, cement paste, mortar,or concrete.
the development of craze cracks; the pattern of craze cracks existing in a surface. (See also checking and crack.)
time-dependent deformation due to sustained load.
a condition describing the degree of filling by freezable water of a pore space in cement paste or aggregate that affects the response of the material to freezing; usually taken to be 91.7 percent because of the 9 percent increase in volume of water under
(1) a plane through a body perpendicular to a given axis of the body; (2) a drawing showing such a plane.
an expendable strip of wood attached to the edge of a form or intersection of fitted forms to protect the form from damage during prying, pulling, or other stripping operations.
the product resulting from the artificial crushing of gravel with a specified minimum percentage of fragments having one or more faces resulting from fracture. (See also coarse aggregate.)
the product resulting from the artificial crushing of rocks, boulders, or large cobblestones, substantially all faces of that possess well-defined edges resulting from the crushing operation. (See also coarse aggregate.)
aggregate that has been mechanically broken and has not been subjected to subsequent screening.
concrete compressive strength determined using a standard cube test specimen. (See also concrete compressive strength.)
measuring more than one ingredient of a batch in the same container by bringing the batcher scale into balance at successive total weights as each ingredient is accumulated in the container.
action taken to maintain moisture and temperature conditions in a freshly placed cementitious mixture to allow hydraulic cement hydration and (if applicable) pozzolanic reactions to occur so that the potential properties of the mixture may develop.
a catalytic or reactive agent that induces cross-linking in a thermosetting resin. (See also hardener.)
a covering of sacks, matting, burlap, straw, waterproof paper, or othersuitable material placed over freshly finished concrete. (See also burlap.)
a liquid applied to the surface of newly placed concrete that retards the loss of water and, if pigmented, reflects sunlight. (See also curing and membrane curing.)
see autoclave.
see presteaming period (preferred term).
injection of grout into a subsurface formation in such a way as to createa zone of grouted material transverse to the direction of anticipated waterflow.
